A Guide to Valentines Day in Japan

Do you have any plans for Valentines Day? Is there a special way of spending this time in your culture? Learn how the day of love is celebrated in Japanese culture.   Gift-Giving In Japan, it is only the women who give presents to men. This is done because women are considered to be too shy to express their love. Though it might not  be true especially in  modern times, Valentines Day was thought to be a great opportunity to let women express their feelings. Chocolates Women typically give chocolates to men on Valentines Day. While chocolates are not necessarily the customary  gift  to give, this is a custom that smart chocolate companies have spread to boost their sales. This tactic  has been very successful. Now, chocolate companies in Japan sell more than half of their annual sales during the week before Valentines Day. Men are supposed to return gifts to women on a day called White Day (March 14th). This holiday is a Japanese creation. Giri-Choko But dont get too excited when you get chocolates from Japanese girls! They might be giri-choko (obligation chocolate). Women give chocolates not only to their loved ones. While a true love chocolate is called honmei-choko, giri-choko is the chocolate given to men such as bosses, colleagues or male friends that women have no romantic interest in. In these cases, the chocolates are given just for friendship or gratitude. The concept of giri is very Japanese. It is a mutual obligation that the Japanese follow when dealing with other people. If someone does you a favor, then you feel obligated to do something for that person. Valentines Cards and Expressions Unlike the West, sending Valentines cards is not common in Japan. Also, the phrase happy valentines is not widely used. On another note, happy birthday and happy new year are common phrases. In such cases, happy ~ is translated as ~ omedetou 㠁Šã‚ Ã£  §Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€ . The Color Red Which color do you think is the color of love? In Japan, many people would probably say it is red. Heart shapes are usually in red and red roses are also romantic gifts.   How do the Japanese see the color of red? How do they use it in their culture? Read  Japanese Conception of Red  to  learn the meaning behind the color red in Japanese culture and how it is used in society.

Communication Is A Learning Process With Each And Every...

Communication is a subject that is continually being learned, maintained and practiced. While the basic fundamentals of communication regarding structures, styles and step can be studied, the interaction of communication is continually evolving. Communication is a learning process with each and every interaction. Understanding the success or ineffectiveness of certain verbal, and nonverbal communication methods, adapting to various communication styles and overall expressing oneself accurately and competently are among some of the learnings during any exchange of communication, but there are so many more. However, this quarter I have learned communication goes beyond just verbally interacting with another person. Effective communication involves the importance of understanding how to concisely and articulately write a message to transcribe a thorough idea, the significant role active listening plays in understanding a request, concern or overall competence of a message, and how each person has their own style of communicating and by understanding this we can adapt to establish a better flow of communication; whether that is verbally or nonverbally. Written skills, communication principles of leadership skills and relationship skills are the three main takeaways from Business and Professional Communication which can be applicable to my future career. A key to writing in business, whether it is an email, a cover letter, a resume or a proposal is to write in an articulateShow MoreRelatedResearch Objectives And Questions On Language And Gender Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy, justification and limitations are also covered in chapter one. 1.1 Background of the study. Life as a human being is inseparable from communication. One of the most effective ways to communicate is certainly through language and of course in order to ensure the effectiveness of the communication, both speakers and hearers are expected to be polite to each other. Being polite does not merely involve the understanding of language, but factors like social and cultural values of the community areRead MoreCooperative Learning Is A Revolutionary Style Of Teaching Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesCooperative learning is a revolutionary style of teaching that offers students a chance to work together, communicate, build social skills, and acquire self-confidence. It is important to inspire students to be excited about learning and to encourage their involvement in the learning process. There are many studies that offer important information and have determined that cooperative learning not only helps students improve academically, but that it also shows that students take pride in the factRead MoreOnline Learning Is Beneficial For High School Students1404 Words   |  6 PagesOnline Learning is Beneficial for High School Students We live in a technology driven society and high school students have the opportunity to partake in the online learning environment. There are several advantages in this type of learning atmosphere. Online schooling is beneficial for high school students because the students outshine in their studies beyond a traditional brick-and-mortar setting. Interaction between students and teachers, as well as academic performance is successful. TheRead MoreEducating Children With Learning Disabilities1612 Words   |  7 PagesChildren with Learning Disabilities Research Compiled for Termpapermasters.com, Inc. by M. Hall 8/2009 Introduction Educators and parents sometimes have very different views on the education of their children and the best approaches to classroom process. Educational initiatives since the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) has led to increasing focus on providing parents with adequate data for decision-making and promoting positive parent/teacher interactions. For childrenRead MoreLeadership Principles Of The Warrior Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pagesexperienced personal development, translated into visionary activism, concerns interpersonal communication skills. It is a big dose of selflessness in risk taking and courage of convictions. Additionally, such involves a process of maturity that spans time and place and individuality in the transformation of oneself. Good managers and competent supervisors will not necessarily be great leaders. Interpersonal communication skills are essential to effective and exceptional leadership. Few will have the distinctivenessRead MoreFace-to -Face Communicatioin vs Computer-Mediated Communication1498 Words   |  6 Pages Advances in communication technology will come at the expense of face-to-face communication. Do you agree? Stepping into the 20th century, technology is ubiquitous in every aspect of society. The great influence of technology has led to the evolution of communication means. Under these circumstances, a wide range of new communication tools have arisen lately. Social communicating networks such as Facebook, Twitter andRead MoreModern Communication1466 Words   |  6 Pageson the street, to texting our friends about our day, communication is inevitable. In the text Communication in a Changing World, these different ways of communicating are called channels. ‘Channels are the mediums that carry messages between communicators.† (Dobkin amp; Pace, pg 15). Until taking this class, I have never really realized the intricacy of the communication process. The amount of information regarding how we communicate each day is astounding. We can all improve the way we communicateRead MoreComputer Mediated Communication Theory Is Defined As A Type Of Human Communication1548 Words    |  7 PagesComputer-mediated communication theory is defined as a type of human communication that occurs through the use of two or more electronic devices. Human-computer interaction involves the study, planning, design, and uses of communication between people and computers. The computer serves as the network for the communication between the two individuals. There is a source of information that is sent by the sender through the network, also known as the source of noise, to the receiver to reach its destinationRead MorePhilosophy Statement on Family Partnerships980 Words   |  4 Pagescrucial force in children’s development, learning, and success at school and in life. Parent involvement means the participation of parents in regular, two-way, and meaningful communication involving student academic learning and other school activities including ensuring that parents play an integral role in assisting their child’s learning; parents are encouraged to be actively i nvolved in their child’s education at school; and parent involvement and communication is crucial to a classroom. (Module 2:Read MoreImpact of Setting and Instructional Context for Adolescents with Autism892 Words   |  4 Pagesappropriate teaching strategies are essential in promoting a healthy learning environment; however, there are challenges with every instructor because every student have their own way of learning, especially with mainstreaming students with special needs. Since laws were passed like The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB), there has been a standard of learning that each student have to master in order to graduate high school. Students with

Fallout of Intergenerational Trauma †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Fallout of Intergenerational Trauma. Answer: Introduction: The above quoted lines of Gemma B. Benton from her famous work Then She Sang A Willow Song: Reclaiming Life and Power with the Ancestors clearly outline the nature of the intergenerational trauma which forms the central fulcrum of the majority of the works of Joseph Boyden. It is to be noted that Joseph Boyden is a Canadian author most of whose literary works deal management with the contemporary problems which the nation of Canada is facing at the moment. The article under consideration here The true tragedy of Attawapiskat by Joseph Boyden himself seeks to give an overview of the problem which Attawapiskat is facing at the moment. According to the author, Attawapiskat is a microcosm of intergenerational trauma (Attawapiskat). It is interesting to note that he uses the metaphor of the place of Attawapiskat to portray the things which is inflicting Canada at the moment (Attawapiskat). For example, he narrates the incidents which the residents of Attawapiskat like Shannen Koostachin, Theresa Spence and others (Attawapiskat). It is to be noted that most of the novels of Boyden like Through Black Spruce, The Orenda and others try to portray the violence as well as the conflict which the various entities of the society are facing at the moment in the society of society (Attawapiskat). He tries to describe this particular state through the concept of intergenerational trauma which forms the central fulcrum of the article under discussion here. References Attawapiskat, The. "Joseph Boyden: Attawapiskat, And The Fallout Of Intergenerational Trauma."Macleans.ca. N.p., 2018. Web. 23 Mar. 2018.

McDonalds In Moscow Essays - Fast Food, Fast Food Restaurant

McDonalds in Moscow Describe at least 5 American Marketing Techniques, utilized by Russians that you believe enhanced the productivity of the enterprise . 1. McDonalds in Russia was a joint Canadian-Russian venture, in which the appointed president was a Russian person. It was done first of all because Russian businessmen know all the specific aspects of doing business in Russia, and second of all in order to show the public that Russians play a major role in this venture. 2. Moscow was chosen for its favorable location and for being the capital-cultural center of Russia, where people are more informed and educated. 3. The opening of the first McDonalds in Russia was greatly advertised and promoted, not only by local media, but also by the biggest national and world media. Many world reporters were invited to the grand-opening of McDonalds so that they could show this event in a favorable way to the company. 4. At the grand opening orphans and children were served first and free. 5. Many high positioned officials from city and national government, and other celebrities took part in the opening. 6. Despite its foreign belonging McDonalds accepted only national Russian currency, Rubles. Question #2: Identify and describe at least 5 (five) obstacles or problems on a corporate level, and how they were solved and overcome. 1. Production problems. There was no manufacturer or producer in Russia who could produce products needed for the business. One of the solutions was to bring all the products from different countries, but that would be too expensive, so the management decided to build a huge food processing plant size of 3 football fields in order to produce all needed products under one roof, instead of shipping it from somewhere else. 2. Lack of Trust. At that time (we are talking about the end of Cold War) there was a great lack of trust between Russian and Canadian partners. That problem had to be overcome by establishing a good and friendly personal relationship between top executives of both sides. 3. Technology problem. Despite its status as a Super- Power, Russia was far behind United States and Canada in technological development. All the equipment for the restaurant had to be brought from outside of the country, even the equipment for the food processing plant. 4. Political problem. Not every Russian political leader would understand the opening of a representative of not long ago hated"capitalism system" in the heart of Russia. The management had work closely on the McDonalds' s image in Russia. They had to introduce their restaurant not as a "Capitalism" intruder, but as a business that will serve people's needs when they are in hurry. 5. No local managers. There were no local people who could qualify for the manager's position, so McDonalds had to hire a few Russian men and send them to Canada, where they would learn all necessary skills. 6. Hiring employees. When McDonalds first announced its plans to hire new employees, they started receiving thousands of applications every day. They had to find, select and interview lots of people, in order to hire best possible candidates. 7. Harsh Russian Winter. As we all know, winter in Russia can be very cold, so McDonalds Corp. had to establish supply of ingredients for their products from the companies, which do not depend on weather conditions. Some of the supplies were produced by local farms, and some had to be imported.j 8. Communicational problems. Despite its size, Moskow did not have any phone books, or business directories, this made it very hard for company to find or locate anything or anybody in capital of Russia. It was also very hard to establish good communication between McDonalds in Moskow and its executives in Canada. 9. Ingredients problems. Some of the ingredients that McDonalds uses ( such as potatoes) could not be produced by local farmers. Russian potatoes were to big in size, and could not be used to make a french fries. McDonalds had to ship potato seeds from Europe to reproduce them in Russia Question #3 Do you believe that McDonalds will succeed in a long term in Moskow ? Answer: It has been ten years since McDonalds opened its restaurant in Moskow, and so far it has proved its ability to do a profitable business in Russia. However, I do not believe that McDonalds will succeed in Moscow in years to come. In order to prove my point of view, I will provide my 5 reason . 1. After August 98 economical crisis in Russia,

Wwii (690 words) Essay Example For Students

Wwii (690 words) Essay WwiiLooking ahead 1) What do you think is meant by practical consumerism compared toimpractical or design consumerism? I think that practical consumerism is like for instance buying something forthe sake of function like buying a telephone for the sake of talking tosomeone instead of buying a phone for its color or the way it looks thiswould be considered impractical consumerism. 2) How does this film demonstrate impractical consumerism? This film demonstrates impractical consumerism by instead of having agood steady wood or steel shelf and or other household things this plexiglass would look lavish and stylish in your somehow emaculantpenthouse. Technicolor for industrial films 1) Explain why the use of color in advertising had historical and culturalsignificance during the 1950s? Using color instead of black and white made it possible to catch thepublics eye using vivid colors and be able to demonstrate the truepurpose of the product its look and style. We will write a custom essay on Wwii (690 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Design for dreaming 1) Design for dreaming uses several big ideas to promote GMs cars. What are these ideas? List them and write a brief explanation of each. Utopias means place of well being or Nirvana Gender Roles means women was in the kitchen then after she magicallybaked a cake quickly were out playing tennis and parting. Sexual Politics having to do with gender roles like a women wearing ahot dress and an apron in the kitchen. Domestic Labor being in the yard or a beautiful place doing somesupposedly hard task quickly and easily without any effort at all. Futurism The looking ahead in future toward profit. Once upon a honeymoon Explain the benefits and the disadvantages created by the wide availabilityof telephones during the 1950s. You had to rent and pay phone bills, you couldnt own your own phone itmay have made people anti-social. The good thing is convinced peoplewho were unable to afford transportation, not have to waste gas goingfrom place to place and you could talk to your family and friends thatwere long distances away. 2) How do modern communication methods like pagers, computers,cellphones impact our culture today? I find all of the above very annoying because you cant escape them forinstance if I wanted to go out into the woods by myself and not talk toanyone I would of course be called by someone every hour on the cellphone in the car and I would feel obligated to answer it and itseverywhere but on the other hand if I got stuck in the mud I would beable to call for help so its got good and bad points. Frigidaire Finale 1)In Terms of portraying the future, in advertising, how did the 1930sand 1950s compare? In the 1930s for instance they would have said wow look we can keepyour food cold, no more burring your food in root cellars in the 1950sthey would have said look at this slick unit its got all th ese custom colorsand sleke designs they had lost all focus on the function and all on thelook of things. 2)Why did consumers shortages in the war years result in a shift awayfrom futuristic themes? Because during war times people didnt want to thinkabout death they wanted to think about peace and other happy thoughts. America look 1)How does the film demonstrate how the manufactures of the 50sfelt that god design was the key to marketing? The film stated that people were concerned with look notfunction. 3) How did the film promote a Upper Middle Class ? How is this adestroyed view of the fifties? A touch of magic 1)This film presents the 1951 GM cars. Now that the sixties are herewhat clues from the film let you know that things are different? Because thing again were flashy and for instance GM produced the exactsame chassey but with 3 different car models. The only difference wasthe body style. .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46 , .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46 .postImageUrl , .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46 , .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46:hover , .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46:visited , .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46:active { border:0!important; } .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46:active , .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46 .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue7b7e20b2d3fcde6b6d0e71cb9a7ac46:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Human Population - Changes in survival Essay 2) The futuristic design elements from the early fifties are gone in this film. What was going on during this period that might make advertisersuncomfortable with portraying the future. Because there was a war going on and people didnt want to think of thecasualties and death that war might bring. History Reports

Corruption and Integrity

Corruption and Integrity Introduction Corruption, in its broadest context, refers to prejudice of integrity or moral principles which define what is acceptable in a given society. Corruption is always associated with lack of integrity (Ferrel,  Fraedrich, Ferrel, 2008). In the political context, corruption can be viewed as abuse of office for personal interests.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Corruption and Integrity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In some cases, it entails the abuse of power. Corruption is greatly determined by factors such as levels of personal integrity and the moral perceptions of a given society or country. Both corporate and personal integrity plays an important role in determining the global economy in the present world (Wilson, 2009). Corruption is a major issue that most of countries are facing including both national and multinational companies. This essay attempts to draw a comparison between the mos t corrupt and least corrupt countries in the world. In addition, the essay will also analyze the trends of corruption among the selected countries which are most and least corrupt. The essay will also investigate the significance of culture in determining the business ethics of the selected countries. The paper will also provide an overview of the ethical problems within countries which are least corrupt and the actions that favor the most ethical nations. Finally the paper will report on the ways that can be applied in attempt to reduce corruption levels. Corruption is usually measured using the Corruption perception Index, which is usually rated out of 10, with the rates of corruption decreases as one inclines the CPI scale. The international organization in charge of helping countries combat corruption is the Transparency international. The Transparency International ratings reveal that the two top least corrupt countries are Denmark and New Zealand, each having a corruption Perc eption Index of 9.3.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The most corrupt countries according to recent surveys indicate that Somalia and Afghanistan each having a Corruption Perception Index of 1.1 and 1.4 respectively (Transparency International, 2009). The Transparency International uses parameters such as drawbacks that are evident in the public procurement, the levels of bribery that are observed in public offices, misuse of public funds and the effectiveness of anti-corruption efforts that a country deploys (Transparency International, 2009). Comparison between the most corrupt and the least corrupt countries One of the approaches in comparing the most and least corrupt is evaluating the economic positions of the countries. Corruption typically affects the financial positions of a country, since most corruption cases are related to the misuse of funds. It is evid ent that the most corrupt countries perform poorly in terms of economics. An analysis of the most and least corrupt countries revealed that most corrupt countries have a less Gross Domestic Product in terms of per capita compared to the least corrupt; with Somalia having a per capita of approximately $ 600, Afghanistan having a per capita of about $ 1000. The least corrupt countries, in this case are New Zealand having a per capita of 31,067 and Den Mark having a per capita of $ 56,790 (Wilson, 2009). This implies that the least corrupt countries are performing well economically compared to the most corrupt countries. In addition, differences between the most and least corrupt countries can be viewed from the perspective of economic stability. It is evident that countries which are least corrupt are politically stable compared to countries which are most corrupt. It is arguably evident that Denmark and New Zealand are politically stable compared to Afghanistan and Somalia (Transpare ncy International, 2009). This can be attributed to the fact that corruption occurs mostly in government agencies, which in turn plays an imperative role in determining the political stability of a nation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Corruption and Integrity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Abuse of public office for personal interest impairs effective political decisions due to the violation of ethical principles. Somalia and Afghanistan are constantly being engaged in internal wars and regional conflicts, contrary to the stability demonstrated by Denmark and Switzerland. Another significant difference between the most and least corrupt countries is in terms of the effectiveness of the execution of government processes and operations. Many of the governments in most corrupt countries are ineffective in the carrying out of government processes and operations (Ferrel et al, 2008). This is hindered due to the fact that most of the public funds are embezzled and also due to the fact that people in public offices tend to serve their personal interests at the expense of the country’s interests. People in public offices usually do not up uphold the moral principles of governance. Contrary to the least corrupt countries, government processes are usually streamlined due to the fact that people in government offices and the private sectors which serve the public uphold integrity and keep national interest rather than personal interests. This implies that governance in the least corrupt countries is more effective compared to the most corrupt countries. Most of the governance systems in the most corrupt countries are ineffective, and in most cases, there is no stable government but a transitional government which has ineffective service delivery systems. Differences between the most and least corrupt countries can be viewed from a social perspective. The social setting of most corrup t countries can viewed to be poor, due to the fact there are increased poverty levels, high crime rates and unemployment rates and lack of proper internal relationships. This is contrary to the least corrupt countries. Additionally, a differentiation factor between the most and least corrupt countries is in terms of literacy rates; the fraction of the population that are eligible to read and write according to a specified age. Less corrupt countries have high literacy rates of approximately 99 per cent (Transparency International, 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the contrary, most corrupt countries have less literacy rates with Somalia being reported to have al literacy rate of about 3.9 percent. Studies have revealed that human capital is determined by the average years of education that a country has, and it varies inversely with the levels of corruption. This implies that countries which support education have little levels of corruption compared to countries that have little commitment to education (Wilson, 2009). A significant differentiation factor between the most and least corrupt countries is in terms of Failed State Index, which provides country ratings in terms of peace and stability, economic, governance and social indicators. Countries which have a high Failed State Index have high levels of instability. Failed State index varies positively with corruption levels. This implies that most corrupt countries have high Failed State index compared to least corrupt countries. Cultural differentiation is also significant in the eval uation of differences between the most and least corrupt countries. Cultural differences are primarily divided into two basic categories; rule based and relationship based cultures. Most corrupt countries report to have relationship based cultures while least corrupt countries are reported to have rule based cultures. Examples of countries that have the rule based cultures are the New Zealand and Denmark, which are remarkably, the least corrupt countries in the world. Countries, such as Burma and Somalia, have a relationship based culture which due to the fact that it is tribalism oriented and reveals high levels of individualism rather than collective strategies. Significance of culture in determining business ethics As depicted above, culture plays a significant role in differentiation between the most and least corrupt countries. On a similar account, culture plays an important role in determining the business ethics of a given country. In the context of Somalia and Afghanistan, their cultures are relationship based, which implies that business decisions are made on the basis of personal trusts rather than the rules of the system (Wilson, 2009). This in turn has significant effects on the business ethics. Cultures that are rule based adhere to the standards of the system during the execution of business operations and decision making processes. It can be inferred that various ethical norms are derived from the various perceptions of the human culture; which are classified as noted above. In general, rule based cultures favor the existence of business ethics contrary to the relationship based culture (Wilson, 2009). Upholding integrity by a country does not come easy; a nation has to deploy appropriate culture so as to favor the existence of ethical business ethics. This means that a country has to adopt a rule based culture which ensures that different key players adhere to the requirements of the system during the execution of ethical business decisions. C urrent initiatives taken by the US to curb corruption The US has a number of initiatives which are directed towards keeping corruption in check. One of the anticorruption strategies employed by the US is that the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 has been significantly enforced in the recent times (Transnational Law Associates, 2006). This Act restricts companies in the US from offering payments to foreign governments for the sole purpose of attempting to conduct business abroad. Secondly, the United States approved the UN Convention Against Corruption; which is a global anticorruption treaty deployed by the UN. Thirdly, the US passed the Sarbarnes-Oxley Act; which serves to control organizations and provide accountability standards which can be used to keep in check legal and ethical risks (Fletcher Plette, 2008). Conclusion Corruption, both at the international and domestic level is a significant threat to the security of any nation. Casual factors that differentiate the most and least countries can be generally classified into: Gross Domestic Product per capita of a country, political stability, differentiation in terms of culture and the rates of literacy. In order for a nation to establish effective anticorruption initiatives, it must appropriately tailor its cultures and use the available power to enact laws that are aimed to eliminate corruption. References Ferrel, O., Fraedrich, J., Ferrel, L. (2008). Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. Fletcher, W. H., Plette, T. N. (2008).  The Sarbanes-Oxley Act: Implementation, significance, and impact. New York, NY:   Nova Science Publishers. Transparency International. (2009). Global corruption 2009: Corruption and the private sector. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Wilson, P. J. (2009). Culture of New Zealand. Web.

Law of Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Law of Evidence - Essay Example This is often done to preserve some fundamental elements of the constitutional conventions and legal traditions that have been preserved for generations in English law. This paper will examine the circumstances under which the burden of proof is reversed from the accuser to the accused. It will also identify how the court rationalise their decisions in these circumstances and situations. A tradition upheld in English legal tradition is that an individual is innocent until proven guilty in criminal proceedings. This is the concept of the presumption of innocence which means that the burden of proof will be on the prosecution rather than the accused. This was made in the landmark ruling of Woolmington V DPP2 where the precedence was set for prosecutors to prove that a person had broken the law before any proceeding could commence in criminal law. The case of Woolmington V DPP indicated that the prosecution has two burdens of proof, evidential burden of proof and legal burden of proof3. The evidential burden of proof is the sensible proposition to assert there is a matter fit for the accused person to be prosecuted. However, that does not prevent the prosecution from presenting evidence during the actual trial. The evidential burden of proof is to ensure that a person arrested on a given charge is actually in breach of a valid law of the land. Evidential burden is meant to ensure that there is a compelling reason for the prosecution to go ahead. It is about the ability to link the accused to what s/he is actually being accused for. During the hearings, the prosecution must present evidence to support the claims on the basis of the points of law, presented by the judge. In other words, when examining the English legal system, it is apparent that cases are presented to judges who present the facts to the jury who in turn scrutinize the facts and come up with a verdict. Thus, evidential proof and

Researches shows that the average Americans watches as much as 6 hours Essay

Researches shows that the average Americans watches as much as 6 hours of television each day, do you think this is too much Wr - Essay Example Since many people especially the youth prefer watching episodes that have violence, this source of entertainment has a negative effect on how they view violence in society. According to Sheppard, an American child sees up to eight thousand murders before completing elementary school, which translates to about 200,000 violent acts by the time that child, is eighteen. There is also a scientific connection between watching violent movies and violence in real life where scientists have confirmed that there is a relation between watching aggressive acts and performing such acts in real life. Therefore, although television is an entertainment source, watching it for a long time has becomes bad when one begins imitating what they have seen on television. Those who argue that television is a good source of relieving stress claim that it enables them to forget the problems they have in life and be able to enjoy themselves. Those with this view clam that television does not only entertain, but it also offers them a chance to find something to laugh about after they have encountered a stressful day in their regular activities. However, this cannot be true since instead of relieving the stress one has, television creates a distraction where you are transferred from the realities of life to a world of fantasy and imaginations. What is presented to the viewer is mere acting that makes you forget the problems for a while but they are still there. According to Blesi, Wise, and Kelley-Arney (74) watching television is part of withdrawal behavior where an individual avoids dealing with an issue that is related to a painful or difficult situation. This implies that those who watch television for a long period are escapists who do not want to deal with the realities that come with their real life and instead choose to watch programs on television some of which presents ideal situations where everything is okay and people are happy. Such individuals will not give themselves a chanc e to go past the issue that is stressing them since they sped the time for self-reflections on television instead of spending such time analyzing the situation as it is and proactively coming up with possible solutions. Although those who watch television for long hours claim that it’s a leisure activity or among their hobbies, watching television wastes time as a person stays for a long time glued to the television set. Long hours of television viewing prevent an individual from engaging in other processes that will add more benefits. According to Sheppard (106), an average of six hours and forty-seven minutes are spent watching television daily in USA which translate to those of age sixty five having spent up to nine years watching television. Nine years can be spent doing many important things in life. One can earn a lot of money if engaged in economic activities. The time could also be spent undertaking an educational or vocational training that will be more beneficial to the individual as opposed to spending that time watching television. Although it true that watching television is a leisure activity, spending many hours on the sofa set can cause weight gain. Edelstein and Sharlin (91) notes television contributes to weight gain since it reduces physical activities, increases calories as one consumes more and the level of resting metabolism is low for such individuals. According to Nonas and Foster

Critical analysis of research Evidence Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical analysis of Evidence - Research Paper Example Five research articles were used in order to make a good analysis and conclusion for this particular problem. Each article is likewise critiqued as to its validity and reliability as a research study. Summary: The aim of this study was to find out whether an implementation of a clinical practice guideline would be effective in reducing the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia or VAP (Abbott et al., 2006). The nursing clinical practice guidelines focused on five tasks including the set up of the hospital bed, physical sanitation, and the use of hand protection. The same practice guidelines were actually the result of a collaboration of an educational group who arrived at the instruction which was spread to the hospital personnel. The results of the study revealed that the incidence of VAP in patients had decreased but statistical analysis indicated the change was not significant. Even then, this study encouraged the integration of clinical practices that have been proven through research to reduce VAP cases. Research Question: This particular research focused on four questions (Abbott et al., 2006). The first one pertained to the effect of incorporating the clinical instruction into practice to the number of VAP cases. The second one highlighted the number of VAP cases before and after the integration. The third question delved on the correlation between the implementation of the guideline and the number of VAP cases. The last question intended to look at barriers and guides in the smooth implementation of the guideline. Supporting Literature: There were numerous studies by which this research paper was built upon. One of the most important assumptions are based on the principle that the manner by which a health professional renders service will also affect the way he will integrate the clinical guidelines in his practice (Rogers as cited in Abbott et al.,

Leadership style in national oil corporation

Leadership style in national oil corporation CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Libya is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and holds the largest proven oil reserves in Africa. Libya has attracted hydrocarbon exploration since 1956, when the first wildcat oil well was drilled onshore in the Sirte Basin. Libya granted multiple concessions to Esso, Mobil, Texas Gulf, and others, resulting in major oil discoveries by 1959. The government dominates Libyas economy through control of oil resources, which account for approximately 95% of export earnings, 75% of government receipts, and over 50% of GDP. The National Oil Corporation was established in 1970. It dominates Libyas oil industry, along with a number of smaller subsidiaries, which combined account for around half of the countrys oil output.   Figure 1.1the map of Libya describes Gas Pipeline, Oil Pipeline, Oil Field, Liquefied Gas Planet Oil Terminal (Oil Exporting harbor) and Petroleum refining which owned and controlled by National Oil Corporation in Libya.  Ã‚   National Oil Corporation is carrying out exploration and production operations through its own affiliated companies, or in participation with other companies under service contracts or any other kind of petroleum investment agreements. This is in addition to marketing operations of oil and gas, locally and abroad. NOC has its own fully owned companies which carry out exploration, development and production operations, in addition to local and international marketing companies. NOC also has participation agreements with specialized international companies. Such agreements have developed into exploration and production sharing agreements, in accordance with the development of the international oil and gas industry, and international petroleum marketing. The National Oil Corporation of Libya (NOC) is a state-owned company that controls Libyas oil and gas production. The company is the biggest oil producer in Africa. Its mandate was to endeavor to promote the Libyan economy by undertakin g development, management and exploitation of oil resources as well as by participating in planning and executing the general oil policy of the state. The Brega Petroleum Marketing Company, a subsidiary of NOC, was set up to carry out the marketing activities of NOC, and the marketing assets of all the foreign oil companies were nationalized. A point of thatduring the past four decades, the impact of leadership styles on organizational performance has been a topic of interest among academics and practitioners working in the area of leadership (Darwish, 1998; Sadler, 2003; Rowe et al., 2005; Gadot,2007; Yiing, and Zaman Ahmad, 2009). The researcher would like to examine how leadership style influences organization performance in Libya in (NOC). Rowe et al (2005) pointed out that the most prominent reason for this interest is the widespread belief that leadership can affect organizations performance (Jing and Avery, 2008). In addition, the creation of a state-owned oil company allowed Libya to follow in the footsteps of other oil-producing economies, where control of such a revenue-generating resource lay with the government. Soon after its establishment, NOC signed a joint venture agreement with the U.S. Occidental Petroleum involving production-sharing. In 1971, NOC arranged a processing deal with Sincat of Italy for refining oil products for domestic consumption, thereby providing a cheap supply of oil for internal Libyan consumption. A joint drilling company was formed with Saipem, a subsidiary of the Italian ENI, in early 1972. By April 1974, production-sharing agreements had been reached with Exxon, Mobil, Compagnie Franà §aise des Pà ©troles, Elf Aquitaine, and Agip. By using the surplus funds and technical expertise of the foreign oil companies, the problem of stimulating investment in exploration was resolved. In 1980, the Libyan Arabian Gulf Oil Company (Agoco) was established by NOC throug h the amalgamation of the Arabian Gulf Exploration Company, Umm-al-Jawabi Oil Company, and direct NOC exploration and production interests. NOC continued to make production-sharing agreements. In 2004, NOCs estimated crude oil output was 1.623 million barrels per day. The company hoped to raise its production to two million barrels per day by 2007. Figure 1.2 below shows the revenue of National Oil Corporation in Libya from (1999 to 2009).   This study set out to investigate whether there is an interrelation between transformational leadership style and organizational culture, and the effect of organizational culture on the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment and job satisfaction in the National Oil Corporation in Libya.   In particular, our knowledge would benefit from an understanding of how leadership and organizational culture affect job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The study examines Libya National Oil Corporation in relation to leadership style in the organization. Thus, the study also would like to explore an organizational culture of the National Oil Corporation and finally how does leadership style in particular transformational leadership style may influence the National Oil Corporation progresses.   The subject of leadership is interesting for many researchers. In addition, the continued search for good leaders has resulted in the development of many leadership theories (Mosadegh and Yarmohammadian, 2006). According to Oluseyi and Ayo (2009) Leadership is a central feature of organizational performance. This is an essential part of management activities of people and directing their efforts towards the goals and objectives of the organization. There must be an appropriate form of behavior to enhance performance. Leadership might be viewed in terms of the role of the leaders and their ability to achieve effective performance from others. In recent years, leadership has been studied in various ways, depending on the researchers methodological preferences and definition of leadership (Chen, 2002; Reuvers, et al., 2008; Gadot, 2007). Oluseyi and Ayo (2009) defined Leadership as the moral and intellectual ability to visualize and work for what is best for the company and its employees. Good management and effective leadership help to develop team work and the integration of individual and group goals. On the other hand, Kenny and Zaccaro (1983) suggested that leaders to be successful need a behavioral repertoire and the ability to select the right role for the situation. To do this, leaders need both cognitive and behavioral complexity and flexibility a leader needs the ability to perceive the needs and goals of a constituency and the ability to adjust ones personal approach to group action (Leban and Zulauf 2004). Therefore, Mosadeghrad et al (2006) pointed out that while there are several styles of leadership such as: autocratic, bureaucratic, laissez-faire, charismatic, democratic, participative, situational, transactional, and transformational leadership. Not everyone agrees that a particular style of leadership will result in the most effective form of organizational behavior. Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach. No one leadership style is ideal for every situation, since a leader may have knowledge and skills to act effectively in one situation but may not emerge as effectively in a different situation. In contrast, Darwish (1998) pointed out that there is wide disagreement among scholars with regard to effective leadership style. For instance, Brozik (1994) argues that no one type of leadership style is the best in all situations. The leader, subordinates and the environment or the task determine the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of each style Kur (1995) believes that effectiveness in leading is directly related to the leaders way of thinking about him, subordinates, organization and environment. Likert   (1977)argue that the participative style is more productive in any culture. In the last three decades many scholars had received increasing attention to two new paradigms called transformational leadership and transactional leadership where the interests of the study are. It added a new dimension to organizational studies, namely the visionary aspect of leadership and the emotional involvement of employees within an organization. The basic notion is that a visionary leader can create an impression that he has high competence and a vision to achieve success (Jing and Avery, 2008). According to Bass (1985) developed a theory of visionary or transformational leadership whereby the leader inspires and activates subordinates to perform beyond normal expectations (Jing and Avery, 2008). The study would like to examine this in National Oil Corporation in Libya. On other hand, Lowe et al., (1996) pointed out that there are four dimensions of transformational leadership style such as: Idealized influence or charisma, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. (Bass et al., 2003; Piccolo and Colquitt, 2006), defined these dimensions for transformational leadership as follows: Idealized influence or Charisma is the degree to which leaders behave in such a charismatic way that followers identify with them. Inspirational motivation is the degree to which leaders articulate visions for the future that appeal to followers. Intellectual stimulation is the degree to which leaders challenge assumptions, take risks, and solicit followers ideas. Individualized consideration is the degree to which leaders attend to followers needs, act as mentors or coaches, and listen to followers concerns. Bass, (1985), Burns (1978) Leadership is considered a factor that has a major influence on the performance of organizations, managers and employees. More recently, researchers have focused mainly on the subordinates perspective and proposed two main facets of leadership transactional and transformational. This theory suggests that transformational leadership, more than transactional leadership, has a stronger positive effect on employees attitudes towards their job, their job environment, and ultimately affects their work performance. Oluseyi and Ayo (2009) pointed out that leadership is a central feature of organizational performance. This is an essential part of management activities of people and directing their efforts towards the goals and objectives of the organization. There must be an appropriate form of behavior to enhance performance. Leadership might be viewed in terms of the role of the leaders and their ability to achieve effective performance from others. On the other hand, Xenikou and Simosi (2006) suggested that organizational culture and transformational leadership have been theoretically and empirically linked to organizational effectiveness. During the 1990s a number of comparative studies on the culture-performance link showed that certain culture orientations are conducive to performance. Lok and Crawford (2004) pointed out that organizational culture can influence how people set personal and professional goals, perform tasks and administer resources to achieve them. Organizational culture affects the way in which people consciously and subconsciously think make decisions and ultimately the way in which they perceive. While other researchers has suggested that organizational culture can exert considerable influence in organizations particularly in areas such as performance and commitment. Bass (1985) said that transformational leaders frequently change their organizations culture with a new vision and revision of its shared assumptions values and norms. In a transformational culture, there is generally a sense of purpose and a feeling of family. Superiors feel a personal obligation to help new members assimilate into the culture. Assumptions, norms, and values do not preclude individuals from pursuing their own goals and rewards. In addition, Bass (1985) mentioned that transformational qualities lead to performance beyond expectations in organizational settings. A study of Ogbonna and Harris (2000) organizational culture and leadership finds that the two areas have been independently linked to organizational performance. A little critical research attention has been devoted to understand the links between the leadership and culture also and the impact that such an association might have on organizational performance (Ogbonna and Harris, 2000). Organizational commitment is an important employee attribute from the organizations perspective. Several studies have found relationships between high-commitment human resource policies and positive organizational outcomes such as productivity, quality, and profitability (Perryer and Jordan 2005). Organizational commitment has been studied in relation to employee performance there is still considerable controversy surrounding the precise nature of the relationship. While there is some evidence to suggest that organizational commitment is a mediating variable between leadership and performance. Consequently, studies that examine the complex relationships and interaction between these variables will be of value to management theorists and practitioners. Lok and Crawford (2004) said that organizational commitment and job satisfaction have received significant attention in studies of the work place. This is due to the general recognition that these variables can be the major determinants of organizational performance and effectiveness. A numerous of studies in the area of job satisfaction and organizational commitment have been asserted that leadership and organizational culture have significant impact on both job satisfaction and organizational commitment (Chen and Francesco, 2000; Mathieu and Zajac, 1990; Williams and Hazer, 1986). Lok and Crawford (2004) had the same result in his research which has been done to make comparative between Hong Kong and Australian managers the result confirms that organizational culture and leadership styles are important organizational antecedents of job satisfaction and commitment. However, the influence of national culture on leadership styles, organizational culture and their subsequent effects on employees job satisfaction and organizational commitment were not explored intensively enough in National Oil Corporation in Libya. To choose National Oil Corporation in Libya for the current study because Libya is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). It holds the largest proven oil reserves in Africa which make it as one of the most important oil-producing countries in Africa and in the world. Therefore, petroleum sector in Libya is very important sector which is like the backbone of Libyan economy. In this context, National Oil Corporation of Libya (NOC) is a state-owned company that controls Libyas oil and gas production. The company is the biggest oil producer in Africa. Its mandate was to endeavor to promote the Libyan economy by undertaking development, management and exploitation of oil resources as well as by participating in planning and executing the general oil policy of the state. In additionally, the study expected to offer some useful information of leadership style in National Oil Corporation in Libya, and hopes that this useful information can help to contribute building knowledge and an understanding in this filed in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 1.2 Purpose of Research Study The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational culture, with job satisfaction and organizational commitment in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Cameron and Quinn (1999) pointed out that numerous studies report the most frequent reason given for the failure of planned organizational change was due to a neglect of the organizational culture. According to Schneider (2000) Organizational culture is a key to organizational success, and effective leadership is the means by which the culture is created and managed. Understanding organizational culture is an important activity for managers because it affects strategic development, productivity and learning at all levels of management (Twati and Gammack, 2006). The relationship between transformational leadership style and organizational culture was examined by some researchers such as Xenikou and Simosi (2006), who asserted in his study that organizational culture had direct impact on organization performance while transformational leadership had indirect positive influence on performance through its impact achievement orientation. This study showed that organizational culture mediates the effect of transformational leadership on performance. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to accept or reject the suppositions that there is a relationship between transformational leadership style organizational culture with job satisfaction and organization commitment in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Therefore, Yiing and Bin Ahmad (2009) pointed out that leaders behaviors have positive and significant relationship with organizational commitment. On the other hand, cultures have significant moderating effects on the relationship between leadership behaviors and organizational commitment. However, the main academic purpose of this study is to make a contribution in leadership field behaviors on culture and on organization behavior in the petroleum sector in Libya. 1.3 Problem Statement The oil sector is the most important sector in Libya. Libya is one of the most important oil-producing countries in Africa and in the world and that the interest in this sector is very important. Therefore, this sector needs professionals leaders who can achieve all the goals of both employees and organization. An organization short on capital can borrow money, and one with a poor location can move. But an organization short on leadership has little chance for survival (Darwish, 1998).   A set of characteristics that help leaders to achieve the plans, programs, policies and strategy that have been developed and the advancement of their respective organizations. The most important of these characteristics experience, decision-making, knowledge and to deal with the environmental variables that may occur both within and outside the organization. The weakness of these skills and characteristics makes it difficult for leaders to carry out its functions and achieve organizations goals. Therefore, Chen (2002) found that transformational leadership behaviors have a slightly positive relationship with organizational commitment. While Harris and Mossholder (1996), pointed out that organizational culture stands as the center from which all other factors of human resource management derive. It is believed to influence individuals attitudes concerning outcomes, such as commitment, motivation, morale, and satisfaction. In addition, Bass (1985) have mentioned that demonstrates the relationship between leadership and culture by examining the impact of different styles of leadership on culture. He argues that transformational leaders frequently work towards changing the organizational culture in line with their vision. Similarly, Brown (1992) observes that good leaders need to develop the skills that enable them to alter aspects of their culture in order to improve their organizational performance. The leaders of National Oil Corporation have to know that organizational culture, organization commitment and job satisfaction are very important factors can help them to achieve the goals of the organization, and these variables enhance organization performance. In short, and based to what has been mentioned above, this study is trying to clarify the relationship between transformational leadership style organizational culture with job satisfaction and organizational commitment in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Which the researcher believes it does not exist in Libya National Oil Corporation. Specifically, the relationship between transformational leadership style organizational culture with job satisfaction and organizational commitment and how organizational culture effect the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment and job satisfaction   in National Oil Corporation in Libya. The research questions are as follows: Is there any relationship between transformational leadership style organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya? Is there any relationship between transformational leadership style job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya? Is there any relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) in National Oil Corporation in Libya? Does Organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) have any effect on the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya? Does Organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) have any effect on the relationship between transformational leadership style with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya? Is there any relationship between organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya? 1.4 Focus and Research Objectives The overall objective of this study is to examine the role of leadership style in the National Oil Corporation in Libya. The specific objective in this study is to clarify the relationship between transformational leadership style with job satisfaction and organizational commitment while organizational culture is the mediate variable in the National Oil Corporation in Libya. The study expected to offer some useful information of leadership style in oil sector in Libya, and hopes that this useful information can help to contribute building knowledge and an understanding in this filed in National Oil Corporation in Libya. The breakdown of these objectives yields the following specific objectives: To determine the nature of the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya. To determine the nature of the relationship between transformational leadership style with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. To determine the nature of the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) in National Oil Corporation in Libya. To determine the effect of organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) on the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya.   To determine the effect of organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) on the relationship between transformational leadership style with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. To determine the nature of the relationship between organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 1.5 Rationale of Study Previous studies have examined the link between leadership paradigms and behaviors and have shown a positive relationship, none has explained the nature of this connection, and therefore, how and why leadership affects performance. Future research needs to address this deficiency. In sum, based on the above discussion, there are many problems and gaps in existing studies of the leadership performance relationship that need to be addressed before a clear picture of this relationship can be drawn (Jing and Avery, 2008). Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational culture with job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the Notional Oil Corporation in Libya. Therefore, the topic of leadership is very important to the organization performance and the entire petroleum sector. Leaders can set the direction of the organization and it is very significance issue can lead the organization to achieve their goals. To do this study in the Notional Oil Corporation in Libya because Libya is the one of the (OPEC) organization and this sector is very important which is like the backbone of Libyan economy. Therefore, organization culture influences organization performance and also the employees. Organization culture influence perceptions of employees towards investors of technology transfer. Additionally, try to add useful information to improve our knowledge for this field in Libya. 1.6 Significance of Study This study is important for several reasons, to make a positive view of transformational leadership style in the National Oil Corporation in Libya. To clarify the problems and barriers encountered in application of transformational leadership style programs in the National Oil Corporation in Libya in the context to the case included in this study.   In addition, to clarify the role of leadership to improve organization performance in the National Oil Corporation in Libya and to what extent this leadership succeeded to achieve organizations goals. On the other hand, this study is an attempt to participate in and contribute to research resulting in knowledge increases. Assist scholars, and other researches in leadership field. The researcher achieved that the leadership style and organizational culture play a significant role to effect organizational commitment and job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. In particular, how transformational leadership style and organizational culture can impact organizational commitment and job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Finally, the researcher achieved the nature of  Ã‚   the relationship between all these concepts such as transformational leadership style, organizational culture, job satisfaction and organizational commitment in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 1.7 Definition of Terms 1.7.1 Leadership Leadership, like most other concepts in social sciences, has no single or unique definition. It has been defined differently by different authors. Leadership is defined as â€Å"the process of influencing employees to work toward the achievement of objectives.† While others defined leadership as a management function, which is mostly directed towards people and social interaction, as well as the process of influencing people so that they will achieve the goals of the organization.   1.7.2 Leadership Style Leadership style is theway to understand why leaders, faced with seemingly identical situations, use such different decision processes. Leadership style can be viewed as a series of managerial attitudes, behaviors, characteristics and skills based on individual and organizational values, leadership interests and reliability of employees in different situations. In the other meaning, it is the ability of a leader to influence subordinates to performing at their highest capability. 1.7.3 Transformational leadership Transformational leadership is   grooms followers into future leaders by giving them freedom to control their behavior, elevates followers concerns from physical to psychological needs, inspires subordinates to consider group rather than self interests, and communicates desired outcomes to let subordinates perceive changes as worthwhile†. While others said that transformational leadership, the leader motivates followers by inspiring them, setting challenges and motivating personal development. Transformational leadership encourages the achievement of high collective standards, through a sense of purpose and a common mission and vision. 1.7.4 Organizational culture Organizational culture as a series of values, the measure of culture focuses on values, whereas definitions of culture which focus on artifacts lead to measures which focus on organizational creations. Organizational culture is the personality of the organization, which comprises of assumptions, values, norms and artifacts of organization members and their behaviors. Organizational culture can be looked at as a system based on the companys value and norms, and organizational behaviors such as its technologies, strategies, products, services and appearance. Organizational culture has been seen as holistic, traditionally decided, and socially built. Culture involves beliefs, values and behavior, exists at a various levels, and manifests itself in a wide range of characteristics of organizational life. 1.7.5 Organizational commitment The word â€Å"commitment† is the strength of an individuals identification with and involvement in a particular organization.   Some researchers explained that commitment has three major components: a strong belief in and acceptance of the organizations goals and values; a willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization; and a definite desire to maintain organizational membership. 1.7.6 Job Satisfaction Some definitions of job satisfaction focus on the job itself, while others included all the job-related factors. Some researchers have defined satisfaction as positive feeling or aggressive responses; whereas others defined it as the gap between expected gains and the actual gain. Furthermore, satisfied employees have also been shown to exhibit lower levels of absenteeism and higher levels of motivation than their counterparts. In contrast, job satisfaction is generally recognized as a multifaceted construct that includes employee feelings about a variety of both intrinsic and extrinsic job elements. It encompasses specific aspects of satisfaction related to pay, benefits, promotion, work conditions, supervision, organizational practices and relationships with co-workers. 1.8 Organization of Study The present study arranged into six chapters as follows: Chapter One is the background of the study, which states the purpose, problem statement and research questions. This includes the rationale and significance of the study. It also describes the focus and objectives of the study, definition of terms and organization of the study. Chapter Two content overview of leadership concept, leadership theories, leadership styles and concentrate to transformational leadership style. This chapter also covers organizational culture, job satisfaction and organization commitment. Studies on transformational leadership style with organizational culture, organizational commitment and job satisfaction, which include findings of previous studies and their relationship with the current research studies. Chapter Three introduce the research framework and overview, this includes statement of hypothesis. Chapter Four discusses previous research methodologies and the research design. This includes population and sample, which also cover the reliability and validity test of instruments used and the data analysis plan. Chapter Five elaborates on results of the data analysis and hypothesis testing which cover demographic characteristics and statistical analysis. This chapter also describes data analysis for research questions and hypothesis proposition. Chapter Six represents the research findings

College Admissions Essay: Passion for Life :: College Admissions Essays

A Passion for Life    I am a senior at Western High School. I am currently a member of the Honors program and I will be graduating in the spring of 2003. While at Western, I have been involved in many activities including; collegiate track, the fencing team, forensics, volunteer programs and foreign studies. Western has enabled me to broaden my knowledge in many areas of study. I have enrolled in many courses that have helped me become a well-rounded, educated individual.    I have a plethora of interests and experience's. My philosophy of life leads me to encounter many new adventures and challenges that I find immense interests in learning and conquering. My passion for life allows me to apply my endless energy into many hobbies, studies, and personal relationships. I will never loose my passion or my commitment to learning about life and the experience it offers.    I have enjoyed hiking the Southern Alps of New Zealand, swimming the salty waters of the Mediterranean Sea, brushing my hand over the smooth tiles of the Opera House of Sydney Australia, climbing to the top of the Eiffel Tower of France, hearing the deep bells of Big Ben in London, witnessing the artistic beauty of the Sistine Chapel in Italy and many more memories that will be remembered and soon accompanied by more.    My close personal relationships are few, however, significantly important in my life and defining who I am. I have two sisters, Rebecca and Jennifer, who have helped me become the loving woman I am today. I have one brother, Nolan, who brought me under his wing as I grew and taught me the key to creativity. I have a father, John, who has shown to me the importance of honest hard work and unconditional love.

Secularization

Historically, â€Å"secularization† first referred to the process of transferring property from religious jurisdiction to that of the state or other no religious authority. In this organizational sense, â€Å"secularization† still means the decline of formal religious authority for example; in education, prisons, and hotel room bedside tables. Institutional secularization has been fueled by the breakdown of a unified Christendom since the Reformation, on the one hand, and by the increasing validation of society and culture from the Enlightenment to modern scientific society, on the other. Some political analysts prefer the term â€Å"laicization† to describe this institutional secularization of society, that is, the replacement of official religious control by no religious authority. [1][2] It is clear that these two forces represent opposite tendencies of thought. To insist upon the principles of traditional Christianity is to rob modern views of its very life; it opposes pessimism to the optimism of modern thought. And yet reconciliation between the two is not absolutely impossible. It can take place, however, only as the result of a modification of the current view of Christianity. A new conception of religion must make itself felt, and this change can be readily effected. It must center on the person of Jesus and must abandon its dogmatic system. In the person and in the preaching of Christ, as an historical phenomenon, we have the basis for an understanding between Christianity and the culture of our day. Jesus himself never accepted the total corruption of man as the basis of his preaching. Rather it was an ideal of moral perfection that he held up to his believers–of life in God and activity according to his will. 2] Secularism has also influenced Western art since the Classical period, while most art of the last 200 years has been produced without suggestion to religion and often with no particular ideology at all. On the other hand, Western art has often been influenced by politics of one kind or another, of the state, of the benefactor and of the artist. While institutional and ideological secularization have been preceded at the same time over the past few centuries, the relationship between the two is not exact or necessary. Even in a medieval, Constantinian setting, formally religious in character, men and women were not untouched from having their life, thought, and work shaped by secular influences. In an institutionally secular (laicized) society it is possible for individuals and groups to live, think, and work in ways that are motivated and guided by God and religion. [1] With a great deal of emphasis on contemporary discussions of Christianity and secularism the confrontational Letters and Papers from Prison penned by writer, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, because the work is incomplete leaves much to the imagination and not enough fact. Bonhoeffer's notions start heavy debates on the meaning and implications starting with titles like: â€Å"Christian worldliness,† â€Å"man-come-of-age,† the world's arrival at â€Å"adulthood,† and the need for a â€Å"non-religious interpretation of Biblical terminology. † Other writers Friedrich Gogarten (The Reality of Faith, 1959), Paul van Buren (The Secular Meaning of the Gospel, 1963), Harvey Cox (The Secular City, 1965), Ronald Gregor Smith (Secular Christianity, 1966), and the â€Å"death-of-God†: all leave little to the imagination just as Bonhoeffer’s does. These are examples of those who have shadowed one possible course. Kenneth Hamilton (Life in One's Stride, 1968) denies that this is the best way to interpret Bonhoeffer and argues that these writers hesitated in his indispensable, orthodox attitude. [2] Of course, the differences between the sacred and the secular is an undeniable gap; In the same way that God speaks and acts Christians must speak and act inventively and full of redemption for there actions. In all cases, Christian life in the secular world is to be carried out under the Lordship of Jesus Christ and in compliance to the will of God rather than the will of the world. Christians may work to ensure that the Word of God is heard and is given room among the many other voices which will constitute the diverse whole. To insist that the Word of God be imposed on all without exception is to fall once again into an unbiblical oppression. To fail to articulate the Word of God in the saeculum, however, is to give in in a secularism which, by excluding the Creator, can lead only to death. Deliverance from sin and forgiveness of sin were indeed emphasized in his preaching; but his dominant thought was that of struggle toward an ideal moral life. This is the idea that must take possession of modern Christianity, if it is to be reconciled with modern views and civilization and to win for itself the educated classes. Not as a dogmatic system, but as a moral power, based on the powerful personality of Jesus, must Christianity be proclaimed to the thinking people of our times?

10 Unprofessional Habits That Could Get You Fired

10 Unprofessional Habits That Could Get You Fired We all have bad habits. And no single one will ever cost you your livelihood. But chances are we have other habits we might not be aware of, and there are some of these that could make you seem just unprofessional enough to cost you. Take a look at this list of particularly glaring habits and make sure that if you have any, you don’t have many. And start trying to correct anything that could deem you unprofessional at work.1. ProcrastinatingWe all do this to some extent or another. And it can actually increase productivity when done in a constructive way. But if you’re a chronic putter-offer, chances are your output and performance are slipping and you should probably think about getting more things done each day.2. LyingThere is really no excuse for lying. Chances are you will get caught, and there is almost never an excuse good enough to justify this behavior. Never misrepresent yourself, your experience or credentials. Never take credit for anyone else’s work. Never fudge the numbers. And don’t call in sick unless you’re sick. Keep it clean and keep your job.3. TardinessWhether you roll in 10 minutes late to every meeting or you’re just always a little late for the 9 a.m. clock-in, you’re showing your boss and coworkers that their time is less valuable than yours- all because you just had to spend that extra five minutes with your curling iron or to get your latte for your commute. Be on time and keep everyone sweet.4. GrumblingNobody likes a negative coworker. If you’re complaining all the time, or you just have a consistently negative outlook toward almost everything, you’ll lose allies very quickly. Everyone gripes now and then. Just don’t make it a habit- or worse, a personality trait.5. SlovenlinessIs hygiene not your top priority? Do you sometimes skip the shower or wear clothes past when they should have ended up in the wash? Don’t. Groom yourself. Practice good hygiene. Make sure you smell nice and look clean. And make sure your workspace reflects the same high standards. Nobody wants to work with a slob.6. SwearingYeah, yeah, we know that the f word is basically the most common adjective of your generation. But try to refrain from cursing at work. To the wrong ears, it will always grate. And it does make you look quite unprofessional. Your boss might not want a potty mouth representing the company.7. Personal StuffRemember that the office is a place of business. Don’t spend valuable time on personal calls or yammer on to your coworkers about relationship problems or health problems or your divorce. Keep that for happy hour with your friends. And don’t turn your workplace into a middle school lunchroom. Cliques are so eighth grade.8. StealingNo brainer, right? But this rule includes not raiding the supply closet or sneaking communal things or taking someone else’s fruit from the fridge. You can get fired for a lot less than outrigh t embezzlement.9. Bad CommunicationIf you can’t write a professional grown-up email and express yourself either out loud or on paper, then you’re not going to make it far in the working world. Strike a balance between monosyllabic and too verbose. Use proper punctuation and capitalization and grammar. Spell check. And be a good correspondent- thorough, professional, and punctual with your responses.10. Bad MannersYou may think this is so 1950, but having good manners can get you pretty far in life- and having bad ones can occasionally cost you a job. When eating, chatting, working, etc. make sure your manners are up to snuff. Don’t interrupt people. Say â€Å"excuse me† or â€Å"pardon.† Don’t pry and don’t be rude.

Does the Internet bring greater freedom and democracy to the PRC essayEssay Writing Service

Does the Internet bring greater freedom and democracy to the PRC essayEssay Writing Service Does the Internet bring greater freedom and democracy to the PRC? essay Does the Internet bring greater freedom and democracy to the PRC? essayThe emergence of the Internet in the Peoples Republic of China dates back to 1994, but its history in the Republic has begun almost ten years earlier. In 1987, Professor Qian Tianbao sent the first email. A year later, the Beijing Institute of High Energy Physics has established communication with Europe and North America, and Tsinghua University with the University of British Columbia in Canada (Tsui,  2005). Now, almost all personal computers are connected to the Internet. To date, the connection is mainly carried out through high-speed connections. There are many Internet cafes, which require passport of all clients. Internet cafe owners should keep photos of all visitors. Access to foreign sites in China is limited in order to censorship.SECTION 1. Features of Internet use in the Peoples Republic of China1.1. Restrictions on the use of internet in the PRCAdvantage of the Internet is that it has high speed a nd interactivity compared to the print media. It means speed of communication and broad discussion. Chinas Internet users turn to the internet to express public opinion, and here the government is increasing its control (Yang, 2007). Access to a number of foreign sites on the territory of the Peoples Republic is limited within the project Golden Shield Great Chinese firewall. The project is a system of Internet content filtering. In 1998, they began the development of the project, and, in 2003, it started working across the country (Barboza,  2005). Golden Shield is a system of servers on the Internet channel between providers and international networks of communication that filters the information. Only in Hong Kong and Macao, users have free access to the internet, these administrative areas does not apply censorship. Web pages are filtered by keywords related to national security, and the black list of URLs. Websites based in China, can not without special approval publish new s, culled from foreign news sites. Explaining the meaning of the Golden Shield expert opinions diverge. The Golden Shield is very important for the PRC. Researchers argue that network attacks from other states can cause significant blow to Chinas national security. For example, in 2011 about 50 thousand foreign IP address as Trojan horse attacked computers that were in the territory of the PRC. But we should not forget about the cooling effect that scientists believe to be a major problem for China. This term is understood as the legal sanctions with the use of physical or legal means in this context. The cooling effect is of negative character due to the nature of enforcement. It denies access to a number of foreign websites in China, and keyword filtering restricts scientific work of teachers and students of educational institutions. In turn, the tight control of the internet and keyword filtering increase the impact of the phenomenon of filter bubble. All legal websites use algor ithms of selective guessing. Information is based on a previous search history and location of the user. As a result, websites show information consistent with the previous viewpoints. Many tend to believe that tight control and filtering complicate access to new ideas. Sites that are located in the PRC are registered at the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, which allows identifying the author of illegal content. Foreign search engines, including Google, Yahoo and Bing, also filter search results (Leslie,  2012).1.2. Censorship in Internet use in ChinaIt is hard to tell the exact date of the introduction of Chinas Internet censorship. Some believe that it began in 1993, according to others in 1997. Opinions on the first documents about internet censorship also differ. Some believe that the first document, which officially proclaimed Internet censorship was the document Rules of regulation to ensure the safety of computer and information systems (1994). Others argue that is was Interim measures of management of international connections of computer information networks (1996). According to the last of the documents, users must be registered, providers must be licensed, international traffic has to go through officially approved by the government gateways, transfer of anti-government or other harmful information is prohibited. In 1997, the item harmful information was supplemented by the concepts of hacking and spread of viruses. According to analysts, these measures included the transfer of the regulatory functions from the government to providers. In 2000, new laws were adopted, according to which providers must retain for 60 days all blogs in chat rooms and forums. This information must be accompanied by complete information about users, including contact details. Foreign companies were not allowed to become major shareholders of Chinese providers (Zheng,  2002).China has blocked many of the world social networks: from 2008 Facebook, 2009 microblogging service Twitter. Skype has a special distribution with built-in filtering of unwanted content. Chinese residents are invited to enjoy such services as: Sina.com, QQ.com, they have the opportunity to leave a message on the website of the Communist Party of the country. On March 16, 2008, there has been blocked access to the video hosting YouTube, experts explain the fact that there appear dozens of videos of Tibetans speeches against the Chinese occupation. Most Western media are censored. In 2009, China launched a campaign to streamline the situation with common ways of downloading pornographic and obscene video. The main objects of such checking are stores that provide services for downloading video on the internet and saving it to mobile phones. In the fight against copyright infringement, torrent trackers were closed.Since 2010, China adopted new rules, according to which all music posted on Chinese websites must be subjected to prior censorship. Local or foreign songs should take the prior approval of the Ministry of Culture of the country, before being placed in the Chinese segment of the Internet. In addition, foreign rights holders and publishers must provide all songs with lyrics translated into Chinese, and the confirmation of their rights to them. In early 2010, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the PRC has distributed new rules for a domain name in a zone .cn. Since 2010, all those who want to create a website in China previously need to present identification documents and a photograph, and pass an interview, after which it is decided whether the applicant can register a domain name (Zheng,  2013).1.3. Controls of Internet censorshipA complex of government structures is engaged in Internet censorship in China. Experts describe control system of the Internet space in different ways because, on the one hand, each of the bodies has its profile, on the other hand such distinctions are quite conventional. The PRC government often establishes new regulatory bodies and converts existing ones. Supervisory authorities exist in every province of China. Originally, Ministry of Internal Affairs controlled internet use, it has developed and implemented a powerful information filtering system. This system actually blocks undesirable foreign sites for Chinese users. Chinese programmer under the pseudonym Mr. Tao, prepared a report on Journey to the Heart of Internet censorship (2007), according to which the oversight functions in China are carried out by: Administrative Office for Internet propaganda and the Center for Public Opinion Research at the Information Service of the State Council. These services are engaged into supervision and regulation of information on the Internet, and monitor public opinion. Internet Office and the Office of Information and Public Opinion, which are also described in the report of the programmer, must hold weekly discussion of public opinion on the web. Another control ling authority is the Ministry of Public Security, whose main task is to fight against pornography, threats and incitement to violence. It also includes the Notification Center of publication of illegal content at the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the PRC. Experts of Harvard Law School, University of Cambridge, Oxford and Toronto in a research project Open Net Initiative describe that Chinese Internet censorship is carried out by the State Council, Ministry of Telecommunications, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Public Security, and Committee on State Secrets. In 2004, according to the decision of the State Council, the validation feature of management and supervision in the field of culture in the Chinese segment of the web have been assigned to the Ministry of Culture of the Peoples Republic. In 2010, there was created the Bureau to coordinate news, functional duties of which include checking information posts in social networks, blogs and forums (Helft,  2010). In 2011, there was created the State Chancellery for information on the Internet. It was the first institution in the country, specially created to control the Internet and block unwanted sites. Head of the Information Office of the State Council Wang Chen became the first head of the State Chancellery. In 2011, there was created a special unit with the unofficial name Blue Grid army, whose main task was to conduct educational hacker attacks on information networks of the armed forces of China.In June 2009, authorities of the Peoples Republic announced the decision to install web filters Green Dam Youth Escor on all computers sold in China. They control the time spent by users in the web space, and cut off access to online resources with pornographic and other unhealthy content. For the development of this program, the Government of China paid Jinhui Computer System Engineering Company 41,7 million Yuan (over $ 6,000,000). Rule was to come into force on 1 July 2009, but was postponed due to a sharp resistance of Internet community. In August of the same year, the head of the Ministry of Industry and Technology of China Li Yizhong announced that the program will be installed on PC in schools and on computers for public use. Green Dam program has been installed on 20 million computers of internet cafes (Dong,  2012).  Does the Internet bring greater freedom and democracy to the PRC? essay part 2

Supporting the Communications Decency Act of 1996, Section 230 Term Paper

Supporting the Communications Decency Act of 1996, Section 230 - Term Paper Example This means that online intermediaries that are charged with the responsibility of hosting or republishing of speech are offered protection against a range of laws that might otherwise be applied in holding them legally responsible for whatever other persons say or do. Additionally, the protected intermediaries not only include Internet Service Providers (ISPs), but also take into account a range of defined interactive computer service providers which include even the basic online service that publishes third-party contents. Therefore, the Communication Decency Act 1996 Section 230 defines a wider protection that has allowed innovation and free speech online to advance, despite some unique and very fundamental criminal and intellectual property-based claims as may be mentioned. In support and protection of this Section 230 of the Communication Decency Act of 1996, EFF has worked recommendably to ensure strong legal protections of websites, blogs, service providers and endeavors to fig ht down threats aimed at weakening such protections from intermediaries and end users. Examples of such cases by the EFF include; the Internet Archive and Hoffman of 2013, the Internet Archive and McKenna of 2012, Levitt and Yelp of 2012, eDrop-Off and Burke of 2012 e.t.c. These legal protections provided by the Communication Decency Act Section 230 are quite unique to the U.S law; Canada, European Nations, and Japan. Even though other countries too may be internet users, United State is termed as the most prominent online service user. This is in part due to the CDA 230 that makes United States a safe haven for websites that intended for the provision of a platform for controversial of political issues/speech and legal environments that is favorable to free expression. Inadequacies Despite its positive intent in protection of the Internet Service Providers, CDA 230 is faced a number of inadequacies that limit its full potential for provide the required protection for the Internet C ommunity. While free speech was certainly the principle of CDA 230 with strong roots in the Constitution, the fact that it so severely outweighed the right of free speech victims to obtain justice is one troubling issue. One of the criticisms of Section 230 is based on the congressional intent. Section 230 has been so broadly interpreted by the courts in an inconsistent manner with the Congress original intensions when the law was written, and the extent of immunity offered by the courts is in conflict with the language of statute that disassociate any incentive for Internet Service Providers to self-regulate the web content and leave out the plaintiffs without a effective remedy (Brandy J.G., 2004). This is an issue because frustration stems in to the fact that the language of Section 230 itself, as with a number of laws, provides different interpretations. Some lines within this section are dependent on an individual’s reading, and have the possibility of eventually opposin g the outcomes when analyzing several cases. For example section 230 (c) Protection for ‘good Samaritan’ blocking and screening of offensive material; (1) Treatment of publisher or speaker, and (2) Civil liability, parts A and B. in this

Managing integrated global supply chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing integrated global supply chain - Essay Example Rolland's organization is bed-ridden with chaos as evinced by the unending stack of problems engulfing it.It is quite natural a reaction if a global retailing giant like Wal-Mart revises its opinion on including them in their preferred list of suppliersIt is a leading company after all, being consistently awarded Best Practices recognition comes from a rigorous adherence to the highest standards in the industry, and all suppliers must conform to their minimum expectations, if they wish to thrive in business. Just selling a final good product isn't enough; professional customers tend to visualize their deals as a permanent establishment of sustainable partnerships, and viable networks which, if not fulfilled, can cause tremendous loss in value and image acquired from years of consistent value delivery to 100% satisfied customers.A look into Wal-Mart's existing supplier chain can help clarify the fundamentals of their clear-cut expectations from the supplier base; from the lowest margi n of error to the highest significance attached to quality,it relentlessly pursues a zero-tolerance policy towards non-compliance, and swiftly punishes unaccountable suppliers with heavy fines, indemnities or even termination of contract.It brooks no controversies related to violation of its basic ethical policies, as specified in its supplier standard code which specifies norms on issues like child labour, medical hazards in the workplace, discrimination on any grounds, and lack of concern for the environment. Rolland's will have to walk the talk when it comes to developing as it ambitiously likes to call itself, a "world-class manufacturer." Clearly, the entire house has to be set in order for justifying the use of such a behemoth expression to qualify its present shortcomings. The key themes that must grab the management's attention are discussed here under: Lean manufacturing Lean manufacturing is an established philosophy developed originally in Japan, that seeks to eliminate the production of 7 wastes: overproduction, waiting time, transportation time, processing time, inventory, motion and scrap (wikipedia). This invariably leads to improvement in quality and reduction of manufacturing cost. How is this approach going to benefit Rolland's The case study mentions several instances which clearly project that chaos reigns supreme in the day-to-day operations over there. Huge amounts of Work-in-progress (W.I.P.) and unsold inventory forever keep the employees on their toes, always being chased as last-minute orders; the turnout of events spiraling into a big mess on the shop floor ultimately, all this leads to an undesirable rate of rejection, even at the cost of employee overtime. Rolland's can adopt the methodology of lean production in a phased-manner. It might want to do away with existing orders first before taking up fresh work. But, this time in between the intervals, it must undergo a process overhaul through extensive discussions and brainstorming sessions between the factory manager, the line and supervisory staff, and the workers. Defect areas must be clearly identified and holes be plugged in proper through innovative solutions. For example, there's a reference in case study regarding the manner in which material is handled; the finished goods' section also doubles as incoming-materials department. Clearly, such malpractices must not be allowed to continue at any cost.